Dopaminergic modulation of effort-related choice behavior as assessed by a progressive ratio chow feeding choice task: pharmacological studies and the role of individual differences.

Mesolimbic dopamine (DA) is involved in behavioral activation and effort-related processes.Rats with impaired DA transmission reallocate their instrumental behavior away from food-reinforced tasks with high response requirements, and instead select less effortful food-seeking behaviors.In the present study, the effects of several drug treatments we

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An HR-Induced Tobacco Peroxidase Gene Is Responsive to Spermine, but Not to Salicylate, Methyl Jasmonate, and Ethephon

In Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-infected tobacco plants carrying the N resistance gene, a hypersensitive reaction or response (HR) occurs to enclose the virus in the infected tissue.Although a contribution of peroxidases bengals lunch box to the resistance has been proposed, no evidence has been presented that tobacco peroxidase genes respond to HR.H

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